Glossary

a lot of psychological research uses the experimental method, which creates different conditions and observes their effect on a measured variable; the creation of the different conditions is called manipulation; psychological experiments manipulate for instance the presence of other people or the presence of specific stimuli or objects

defined by Thomas Schubert

relationships are oriented through proportions, ratios and cost-benefit analyses

defined by Cláudia Simão

the quality of being manly, of embodying or possessing those behaviors, attributes, and activities that a given culture deems appropriate for men

defined by Jennifer Bosson

the spontaneous manifestation of identical or similar inexplicable physical symptoms by multiple people at once

defined by Ted Cascio

refer to those functions of gossip that help individuals learn about their social worlds, allowing individuals to understand and predict events in order to obtain reward

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

The ability to critically engage with messages that are depicted in media like movies, music, books, or pornography.

defined by Malachi Willis

is a hormone that determines eye, hair, and skin color

defined by Chris Buchholz

an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture

defined by Cara Kahl

Memory: the ability to retain information or a representation of past experience, based on the mental processes of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reactivation of the memory.

defined by Pascal Vrtička

 contain information about people, objects, and events; they often consist of beliefs, explanations, and sensory memories

defined by Hans IJzerman

the automatic process whereby the mind forms an image of a sensory experience

defined by Ryan Elder

the finding that repeated stimuli are preferred over novel stimuli

defined by Sascha Topolinski

one of the terms proposed for the racial mixture represented by a person with one indigenous and one European or Spanish parent

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

technique that statistically summarizes the findings of several studies which all deal with the same research question

defined by Melanie Sauerland

can be explained in two ways, first, they can be transformations from one entity into another; this can be both within ontological categories or between ontological categories; secondly, they can be narrative poems by Ovid, consisting of fifteen books, which describes the creation and history of the world by drawing from Greek and Roman mythology

defined by Arno van Voorst

a mapping of a physical sensation to similar, or analogical, properties of an abstract concept

defined by Michael Slepian

the process via which researchers assess whether manipulating physiological states (e.g., perceptions, motivations) changes how people think about information related to a dissimilar concept in a way consistent with the relation portrayed by metaphor

defined by Hans IJzerman

a reflexive tendency to adopt the behavior or mannerisms of others

defined by Ted Cascio

the mere act of declaring that a group exists can be enough to make people start treating those in their new ingroup with slight favouritism

defined by Alex Gunz

type of neurons that respond to actions we observe in others

defined by Flora Almosdi, Adrienn Ujhelyi

erroneous or misleading information about details of an event

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

a paradigm in which participants are exposed to an event, subsequently receive misleading information and are then questioned about the initial event

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

twins who share almost 100% of their DNA sequence

defined by Reut Avinun

is the strong and "absolute" individual attitude on a moral issue

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

a complex situation involving a conflict between moral requirements, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another; moral psychologists distinguish between “personal” and “impersonal” moral dilemmas; an example of a personal moral dilemma is the footbridge version of the trolley problem, involving physically pushing someone from a bridge in order to save many others; an example of an impersonal moral dilemma is the switch version of the trolley problem, involving hitting a switch in order to steer the trolley to another track where it kills only one instead many other people; personal moral dilemmas tend to trigger stronger emotional reactions than impersonal ones and thus tend to result in stronger deontological judgments than impersonal moral dilemmas

defined by Lucius Caviola

The class of questions or norms that are considered “moral” as opposed to the set of norms or questions that may be conventions but not moral.

defined by Alan Jern

the extent to which death-related thoughts are mentally activated, such that they affect a person’s behavior

defined by Jonathan Jong

the prevalent expectation that women will bear and raise children

defined by Jennifer Bosson

mental simulation of an action

defined by Ryan Elder

In a multiple-choice recognition test, people indicate which of the presented options they recognize from a past encounter. A prominent example are line ups, in which eyewitnesses have to identify a potential perpetrator among a number of people unrelated to the crime.

defined by Oliver Genschow

A process that occurs when people work together in groups. Mutual stimulation refers to benefiting from the ideas or contributions of other group members. For example, in brainstorming groups, cognitive stimulation can lead group members to think of new ideas, after hearing the ideas of the other group members.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

literally means “strife,” and indicates a culture of constructive arguing and debating, forming a central part of Jewish thought and ethics. It encourages us to explore different perspectives and ways of understanding the world, helping us move closer to the truth. In Judaism, this kind of thoughtful consideration is seen positively, as a sign of respect and dedication to a topic. Its goal is not to win the dispute, but rather to have different viewpoints coexist with one another [18].

Occurs when one person influences another by concealing their intentions, reasons, or methods of influence, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

relationships are oriented through proportions, ratios and cost-benefit analyses

the quality of being manly, of embodying or possessing those behaviors, attributes, and activities that a given culture deems appropriate for men

the spontaneous manifestation of identical or similar inexplicable physical symptoms by multiple people at once

refer to those functions of gossip that help individuals learn about their social worlds, allowing individuals to understand and predict events in order to obtain reward

The ability to critically engage with messages that are depicted in media like movies, music, books, or pornography.

is a hormone that determines eye, hair, and skin color

an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture

Memory: the ability to retain information or a representation of past experience, based on the mental processes of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reactivation of the memory.

An umbrella term for a combination of symptoms that involve suffering and (social) dysfunction.

 contain information about people, objects, and events; they often consist of beliefs, explanations, and sensory memories

Mental representations are internal images that we use to store and structure our knowledge.

the automatic process whereby the mind forms an image of a sensory experience

the finding that repeated stimuli are preferred over novel stimuli

one of the terms proposed for the racial mixture represented by a person with one indigenous and one European or Spanish parent

a statistical method used to summarize and quantify the results of multiple independent studies on a specific topic. The goal of a meta-analysis is to obtain a more precise estimate of the effect size or the relationship between variables by combining data from different studies, which would be difficult to achieve with individual studies alone.

can be explained in two ways, first, they can be transformations from one entity into another; this can be both within ontological categories or between ontological categories; secondly, they can be narrative poems by Ovid, consisting of fifteen books, which describes the creation and history of the world by drawing from Greek and Roman mythology

a mapping of a physical sensation to similar, or analogical, properties of an abstract concept

the process via which researchers assess whether manipulating physiological states (e.g., perceptions, motivations) changes how people think about information related to a dissimilar concept in a way consistent with the relation portrayed by metaphor

a reflexive tendency to adopt the behavior or mannerisms of others

the mere act of declaring that a group exists can be enough to make people start treating those in their new ingroup with slight favouritism

type of neurons that respond to actions we observe in others

erroneous or misleading information about details of an event

a paradigm in which participants are exposed to an event, subsequently receive misleading information and are then questioned about the initial event

twins who share almost 100% of their DNA sequence

is the strong and absolute individual attitude on a moral issue

a complex situation involving a conflict between moral requirements, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another; moral psychologists distinguish between “personal” and “impersonal” moral dilemmas; an example of a personal moral dilemma is the footbridge version of the trolley problem, involving physically pushing someone from a bridge in order to save many others; an example of an impersonal moral dilemma is the switch version of the trolley problem, involving hitting a switch in order to steer the trolley to another track where it kills only one instead many other people; personal moral dilemmas tend to trigger stronger emotional reactions than impersonal ones and thus tend to result in stronger deontological judgments than impersonal moral dilemmas

The class of questions or norms that are considered “moral” as opposed to the set of norms or questions that may be conventions but not moral.

A theory that suggests people base their moral judgments on a small number of core values, such as loyalty, authority, fairness, and purity. Messages that indicate outsiders are attacking these values, like harming families or disrespecting traditions, can trigger strong emotional reactions.

the extent to which death-related thoughts are mentally activated, such that they affect a person’s behavior

the prevalent expectation that women will bear and raise children

Intentionally attempting to forget unwanted memories 

Motives that influence individual consumption and purchasing behavior can influence individual behavior consciously or unconsciously. Examples of consumption-related motives include health, animal welfare, environmental protection, and enjoyment. These motives influence both specific consumption and purchasing behavior, as well as attitudes toward products, such as meat alternatives.

mental simulation of an action

In a multiple-choice recognition test, people indicate which of the presented options they recognize from a past encounter. A prominent example are line ups, in which eyewitnesses have to identify a potential perpetrator among a number of people unrelated to the crime.

A process that occurs when people work together in groups. Mutual stimulation refers to benefiting from the ideas or contributions of other group members. For example, in brainstorming groups, cognitive stimulation can lead group members to think of new ideas, after hearing the ideas of the other group members.

A myth is a widely held but false belief that persists despite scientific evidence to the contrary. Myths typically manifest as specific misinformation arguments. As a type of misinformation, they can guide thoughts and actions even in the face of refutation.

Myth-busting is a broader concept that encompasses both debunking and prebunking. It refers to the systematic effort to dismantle false beliefs—whether reactively, after the myth has spread, or proactively, before it takes hold.