Glossary

dysfunctional eating patterns  

defined by Bindal Makwana

a psychological disorder distinguished by dysfunctional eating habits   

defined by Bindal Makwana

People prefer things to be depicted in images the way they exist in nature. For example, we prefer when an elephant is portrayed as large and a mouse as small, compared to a giant mouse and a mini elephant.
Reference:  S. E. Palmer, K. B. Schloss, and J. Sammartino, „Visual aesthetics and human preference“, Annu. Rev. Psychol., Bd. 64, S. 77–107, 2013, doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100504.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

is a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing one’s own welfare

defined by Dan Batson

A negative/unpleasant emotion as a reaction to morally unimportant and relatively trivial misconduct or the harmless violation of social expectations or norms.

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

the theory that sensory and motor processes play an important role in cognition and cognitive processes, such as thinking, reasoning, and memory

defined by Michael Slepian

the notion that people’s perceptions of the world around them are influenced by and sensitive to the states of their bodies 

defined by Shana Cole

the association of an abstract concept with a concrete, perceivable stimulus, for instance, the abstract concept of time can be embodied in the concrete image of something flowing horizontally (Boroditsky, 2001)

defined by Thomas Schubert

refers to the development of a higher-level property in a dynamical system due to the mutual influence among the system’s inter-connected elements;  in a mental system, the mutual influence among cognitive elements in the stream of thought can promote the emergence of a global attitude or belief;  in a social system, the mutual influence among individuals can promote the emergence of a group norm or ideology

defined by Jay Michaels

refers to the individuals’ attempts to alleviate the negative emotions elicited by stressful events; directed at reducing mental distress

defined by Silvia Barriga

a phenomenon whereby emotions spread through groups of people

defined by Ted Cascio

A set of techniques with the purpose of increasing cooperation by addressing the source’s raw emotions such as fear, guilt, anxiety, love, pride, hope, and sadness. They can also appeal to the source’s self-interest, religion and stress for example. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

is an other-oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with the plight of a person in need

defined by Dan Batson

an individual’s tendency to take the perspective of another person and/or have tender concerned feelings about that person

defined by Jeff Joireman

is the hypothesis that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation

defined by Dan Batson

a scientific way of gaining knowledge by using a collection of data to base a theory or derive a conclusion

defined by Marieke van Egmond

an employee’s belief about how long he/she will be with an organization

defined by Jeff Joireman

The initial step in the memory process, where information is processed and categorized to later be converted into memory for storage and retrieval

defined by Carey Marr

bodily mobilization of physiological resources to respond to task demands; one example is sympathetic nervous system reactivity

defined by Melanie B. Tannenbaum

Motives for resolving uncertainty and improving understanding.

defined by Matteo Masi, Yael Bar-Shachar

people seek out for balance in the relationship; it implies a reciprocity norm (turn taking, or equal share distributions)

defined by Cláudia Simão

a social philosophy popular in the 1920’s whose members advocated selective breeding to improve the human race

defined by Chris Buchholz

A set of techniques used for increasing cooperation, testing veracity of the source’s statements and detecting deception. For example: confront source with false evidence, identify contradictions in their statements, confront source with evidence they did not know the investigator had. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

refers to responses that are evoked from the environment by genetically influenced characteristics of an individual, for example, a child characterized by high levels of antisocial behavior − a trait showing substantial heritability − is more likely to elicit harsh discipline from parents than an obedient child

defined by Reut Avinun

a set of cognitive functions with which people control and regulate their behavior in complex situations under the consideration of environmental factors (for example the selection of goals and the planning of actions); these functions modulate and regulate information processing in the cognitive system and several sub-processes in the control of behavior; such behavior control is required for simple and distinct tasks (e.g., typing a word on a computer keyboard), as well as complex and global tasks (e.g., planning a family party)

defined by Tilo Strobach

the study of psychological processes such as cognition (including perception, memory, thinking, and language), learning, feelings and emotions, and skills through controlled experiments; the general plan of an experiment, including the method of assigning research participants or subjects to treatment conditions, controlling extraneous variables, manipulating the independent variable, and measuring the dependent variable

defined by Silvia Barriga

effect showing that the expectations we hold affect the responses we obtain. This concerns various areas, such as research, teaching, adjudication and lineup administrations

defined by Melanie Sauerland

The motivation to take something from someone else for one’s own personal benefit. Exploitation can result in behavior such using other people to gain resources, or taking from others without reciprocating and giving something back.

defined by Janina Steinmetz

one of the Big Five personality factors ranging from extreme extraversion characterized by traits such as sociability and assertiveness, to extreme introversion, characterized by reserve and passivity

defined by Silvia Barriga

the extent to which an individual treats religion as a means to an end

defined by Jonathan Jong

dysfunctional eating patterns  

a psychological disorder distinguished by dysfunctional eating habits   

People prefer things to be depicted in images the way they exist in nature. For example, we prefer when an elephant is portrayed as large and a mouse as small, compared to a giant mouse and a mini elephant. Reference:  S. E. Palmer, K. B. Schloss, and J. Sammartino, „Visual aesthetics and human preference“, Annu. Rev. Psychol., Bd. 64, S. 77–107, 2013, doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100504.

EEG (electroencephalogram): a non-invasive method used to measure the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp to record brain waves, helping to understand brain function and diagnose neurological conditions.

is a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing one’s own welfare

A negative/unpleasant emotion as a reaction to morally unimportant and relatively trivial misconduct or the harmless violation of social expectations or norms. 

the theory that sensory and motor processes play an important role in cognition and cognitive processes, such as thinking, reasoning, and memory

the notion that people’s perceptions of the world around them are influenced by and sensitive to the states of their bodies

Dressing in ways that express personal identity and support the feeling of living in and through the body, rather than only displaying an image.

the association of an abstract concept with a concrete, perceivable stimulus, for instance, the abstract concept of time can be embodied in the concrete image of something flowing horizontally (Boroditsky, 2001)

refers to the development of a higher-level property in a dynamical system due to the mutual influence among the system’s inter-connected elements;  in a mental system, the mutual influence among cognitive elements in the stream of thought can promote the emergence of a global attitude or belief;  in a social system, the mutual influence among individuals can promote the emergence of a group norm or ideology

refers to the individuals’ attempts to alleviate the negative emotions elicited by stressful events; directed at reducing mental distress

a phenomenon whereby emotions spread through groups of people

A set of techniques with the purpose of increasing cooperation by addressing the source’s raw emotions such as fear, guilt, anxiety, love, pride, hope, and sadness. They can also appeal to the source’s self-interest, religion and stress for example. 

is an other-oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with the plight of a person in need

an individual’s tendency to take the perspective of another person and/or have tender concerned feelings about that person

is the hypothesis that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation

a scientific way of gaining knowledge by using a collection of data to base a theory or derive a conclusion

an employee’s belief about how long he/she will be with an organization

The psychological effect whereby wearing certain clothes influences how people think, feel, and behave, depending both on the garment itself and the meaning attached to it.

The initial step in the memory process, where information is processed and categorized to later be converted into memory for storage and retrieval

bodily mobilization of physiological resources to respond to task demands; one example is sympathetic nervous system reactivity

Motives for resolving uncertainty and improving understanding.

people seek out for balance in the relationship; it implies a reciprocity norm (turn taking, or equal share distributions)

a social philosophy popular in the 1920’s whose members advocated selective breeding to improve the human race

A set of techniques used for increasing cooperation, testing veracity of the source’s statements and detecting deception. For example: confront source with false evidence, identify contradictions in their statements, confront source with evidence they did not know the investigator had. 

refers to responses that are evoked from the environment by genetically influenced characteristics of an individual, for example, a child characterized by high levels of antisocial behavior − a trait showing substantial heritability − is more likely to elicit harsh discipline from parents than an obedient child

a set of cognitive functions with which people control and regulate their behavior in complex situations under the consideration of environmental factors (for example the selection of goals and the planning of actions); these functions modulate and regulate information processing in the cognitive system and several sub-processes in the control of behavior; such behavior control is required for simple and distinct tasks (e.g., typing a word on a computer keyboard), as well as complex and global tasks (e.g., planning a family party)

a lot of psychological research uses the experimental method, which creates different conditions and observes their effect on a measured variable; the creation of the different conditions is called manipulation; psychological experiments manipulate for instance the presence of other people or the presence of specific stimuli or objects

the study of psychological processes such as cognition (including perception, memory, thinking, and language), learning, feelings and emotions, and skills through controlled experiments; the general plan of an experiment, including the method of assigning research participants or subjects to treatment conditions, controlling extraneous variables, manipulating the independent variable, and measuring the dependent variable

effect showing that the expectations we hold affect the responses we obtain. This concerns various areas, such as research, teaching, adjudication and lineup administrations

expressions of antisemitic hate which contain clear antisemitic statements, explicitly and collectively defaming Jews, describing them as stereotypically different or inferior, or overtly attributing blame to them for specific current events of any evil deeds (e.g., the Covid-19 pandemic). Explicit expressions of antisemitism (also called blatant antisemitism) further include direct insults, attacks, and threats or calls for violence against Jews.

The motivation to take something from someone else for one’s own personal benefit. Exploitation can result in behavior such using other people to gain resources, or taking from others without reciprocating and giving something back.

Exposure is a therapeutic technique in which individuals are gradually and systematically confronted with situations, objects, thoughts, or physical sensations that they find distressing or avoid. The goal is to reduce fear and avoidance, promote new learning, and build tolerance through direct experience. Exposure techniques are used in various evidence-based treatments, including those for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and certain phobias.

One of the Big Five personality factors ranging from extreme extraversion characterized by traits such as sociability and assertiveness, to extreme introversion, characterized by reserve and passivity (Silvia Barriga). 

the extent to which an individual treats religion as a means to an end